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Heo Mok (Hangul: 허목, Hanja: 許穆; 10 January 1596 – 2 June 1682) was a Korean calligrapher, painter, philosopher, poet, and politician during the Joseon Dynasty, who came from the Yangcheon Heo clan. He was most commonly known by the pen name Misu.[1][2]

In this Korean name, the family name is Heo.

Heo Mok
허목
Right State Councillor
In office
August 14, 1675 – April 24, 1678
Preceded byGwon Dae-un
Succeeded byMin Hui
Personal details
Born(1596-01-10)January 10, 1596
Cheonseonbang, Hanseong, Kingdom of Joseon
DiedJune 2, 1682(1682-06-02) (aged 86)
Wangjing Township, Yeoncheon County, Gyeonggi Province, Kingdom of Joseon
NationalityKorean
SpouseLady Yi of the Jeonju Yi clan
Children
  • Heo Ham
  • Heo Hwon
  • Heo Do
Parents
  • Heo Gyu (father)
  • Lady Im of the Naju Im clan (mother)
OccupationCalligrapher, painter, philosopher, poet, politician
Korean name
Hangul
Hanja
Revised RomanizationHeo Mok
McCune–ReischauerHŏ Mok
Pen name
Hangul
Hanja
Revised RomanizationMisu
McCune–ReischauerMisu
Courtesy name
Hangul
Hanja
Revised RomanizationMunbu, Hwabo
McCune–ReischauerMunpu, Hwapo
Posthumous name
Hangul
Hanja
Revised RomanizationMunjeong
McCune–ReischauerMunchŏng

Heo was known as the best Chinese calligrapher of his time due to his unique style of calligraphy. He became a governor at the age of 81, and was the first person in Korean history to hold such a high-ranking position without taking the Gwageo civil service exam.[1]


Life



Early life


Heo Mok was born at Changseonbang (창선방), in Hanseong. His father, Heo Kyo, was a member of the lower bureaucracy, while his great-grandfather, Heo Ja, once served as the Vice Prime Minister of Joseon.

Heo Mok's maternal grandfather, Im Je, was a student of Seo Gyeong-deok. His father, Heo Kyo, was a student of Park Ji-hwa. Seo Gyeong-deok and Park Ji-hwa's more academic and ideologically-successful pupils were to join the political faction called Easterners (or Dongin; 동인, 東人) at the Joseon Court. However, a schism divided court politics into two newly-formed factions: Southerners (or Namin; 남인, 南人) and Northerners (or Bukin; 북인, 北人), with the Easterners being assimilated into the Northerners. Heo's family were thus members of the Northerners faction.

Heo Mok's early years were spent as a disciple to Yi San-hae and at Yi Won-ik's distinct private scholarly institutions.[3]

In 1613, he married Lady Yi of the Jeonju Yi clan, a granddaughter of Yi Won-ik (art name Ohri).[4] The marriage was initially met with opposition from his wife's family, but Yi Won-ik's support made it successful.


Early career


In 1615, Heo Mok and his cousin, Heo Hu, went to study at Jeong Gu's private educational institute, where they remained until 1620.

In 1626, Heo Mok, as the head of management of the dormitory of educational institutions, imposed personal sanctions on scholar Park Ji-gye accusing him of joining King Injo's attempt to destroy the Li.[4] As a result, he was banned from applying for Gwageo for a period of time.[4]


Political movements


In 1651, he was commended for his philosophical learning skills, and appointed to the position of Naesikyokwan (내시교관, 內侍敎官), but a few years later, he resigned.

In 1656, after serving as Jojiseobyuljwa, and as Gongjojwarang (공조좌랑, 工曺佐郞), he was appointed Yonggunghyungam (용궁현감, 龍宮縣監), but resigned shortly after.[5]

In 1657, he was reappointed to Gongjojwarang, then appointed to Saheonbu Jupyung (사헌부장령, 司憲府掌令), and then to Saboksi Jubu (사복시주부, 司僕侍主簿).

In 1658, he was reappointed to Saheonbu Jupyung.

In 1659, King Hyojong appointed Heo Mok to Buhogun (부호군, 副護軍), and later that September, he became head of Jangakwon (장악원정, 掌樂院正). In December, he was appointed as leader of Sanguiwon (상의원정, 尙衣院正).

During King Hyojong's funeral, he was in conflict with Song Si-yeol and Song Jun-kil regarding the appropriate length of time for which Queen Jangryeol (자의대비; at the time called "Grand Royal Queen Dowager Jaui"), the second wife of King Injo, should mourn her step-son, based on Confucian rules.


Yesong arguments



First Yesong argument

In early 1660, Jung Tae-hwa initially set the mourning period for Grand Royal Queen Dowager Jaui to one year, based on the rules of Gyeongguk daejeon, but the Southerners disagreed, and this led to the start of an ideological dispute, also known as the First of Yesong Ronjaeng (제1차 예송 논쟁, 第一次禮訟論爭).[6] On one hand, Song Si-yeol and Song Jun-kil, two leaders of the Westerners faction (or Seoin; 서인, 西人), argued that the Queen should mourn for Hyojong for just a year, since he was only Injo's second son (despite being the legitimate heir to the throne), and thus was not fit to be mourned for three years, which was the normal period of mourning for eldest sons.[6] On the other hand, Heo Mok and Yun Hyu argued that Hyojong, as King Injo's successor, should be practically treated as if he was Injo's eldest son, and based on this interpretation Queen Jaui should mourn for three years for her husband's son. While Song Si-yeol asserted the status of Joseon Dynasty as "small China" to justify his arguments based on Chinese Neo-Confucian rule books, Heo Mok asserted the status of the Kingdom of Joseon as a "different country that is beyond the rule of China" (방외별국, 方外別國), thus different rules should be applied.[citation needed]


Second Yesong argument

During that period, he wrote Kieun (기언, 記言) and Dongsa (or "Eastern History"; 동사, 東史). The "Eastern History" was a Korean history book that considered the national ancestor as Dangun, which was against the general idea of the national ancestor being Gija.

In 1674, King Hyojong's wife, Queen Inseon, died. This revived the dispute over the length of the period for which Queen Jangnyeol should mourn. Song Si-yeol argued that Queen Inseon, as the wife of Injo's second son, should be mourned for 9 months. But Heo Mok and Yun Hyu maintained that Hyojong was the successor of King Injo, which practically made Queen Inseon the first daughter-in-law and required one year of mourning.[4]

King Hyeonjong was unpleasant by "King Hyojong's Second" title and wanted a cabinet reshuffle, in order to give the power to the Southerners (at that time, the westerners was the ruling party, headed to Song Si-yeol). This meant a victory for Heo Mok and Yun Hyu, but the Hyeonjong died soon after.


Acquisition of power


Despite Hyeonjong's death, Heo Mok was still trusted. In November 1674, he was appointed to Yijochamui (이조참의, 吏曺參議) and continuously served as Saheonbu Daesaheon (사헌부대사헌, 司憲府大司憲). In 1675 he was successively appointed for posts such as Yijochampan (이조참판, 吏曺參判), Bibyungukdangsang (비변국당상, 備邊局堂上), Jwachamchan (좌참찬, 左參讚), Yijopanseo (이조판서, 吏曺判書) and Wuchamchan (우참찬, 右參讚). In 1676, Heo Mok was promoted to Right State Councillor of Joseon.[7]

In 1679, Heo Gyeon, a party member and Chief State Councillor Heo Juk's illegitimate son, abused his power and Heo Mok attacked Heo Juk for it, but King Sukjong and the Southerners took Heo Gyeon's side.[citation needed]


Death


On June 2, 1682, he died in Gyeonggi Province, at the age of 86.

The Westerners continued to attack Heo Mok and Yun Hyu, calling them Samunanjeok (사문난적, 斯文亂賊).

In 1689, he was rehabilitated. In 1692, he was posthumously conferred the honours of a Chief State Councillor. Heo Mok was also awarded the posthumous title Munjeong (문정, 文正).[4]


Books





Family



See also



References


  1. "Heo Mok (pen name Misu) (1595~1682)". Gangwon Province. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
  2. 허목 [Heo Mok]. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Retrieved December 14, 2017.
  3. Lee Won-ik was a member of the Namin.
  4. Heo Mok:Nate Korea Archived December 10, 2012, at archive.today (in Korean)
  5. Heo Mok (in Korean)
  6. https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Item/E0037964#self
  7. The Joseon dynasty had two Vice Prime Ministers: Left Vice Prime Minister, called "Jwauijung" and right Vice Prime Minister called "Uuijeong". The Prime minister was called "Younguijung".
  8. Daughter of Yi Jong-eom (이종엄, 李終嚴), the great-grandson of Grand Prince Yangnyeong (eldest son of King Taejong and Queen Wongyeong)
  9. Daughter of Kang Bok (강복, 姜復), the 5th generation grandson of Kang Hui-maeng (강희맹, 姜希孟), the maternal grandson of Shim On and a nephew of King Sejong's primary wife, Queen Soheon.
  10. Daughter of Choe Hwan (최환).
  11. Or "Heo Hyang" (허향).


Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Author:Heo Mok

На других языках

[de] Heo Mok

Heo Mok (* 1595 oder 1593 in Hanseong; † 27. April 1682) war ein koreanischer Politiker und neokonfuzianischer daoistischer Philosoph, Maler, Dichter und Gelehrter. Er lebte im Zentrum Gyeonggi-dos in Yeoncheon. Er war vor allem unter seinem Pseudonym Misu bekannt. Weitere Namen waren Taeryeongnoin (태령노인, .mw-parser-output .Hani{font-size:110%}台領老人) und Seokhojangin (석호장인, 石戶丈人).
- [en] Heo Mok

[es] Heo Mok

Heo Mok(hangul: 허목; hanja: 許穆. Seúl, 11 de diciembre de 1593 o 1595(?) - 27 de abril de 1682) fue un poeta, pintor, político, y estudioso coreano de la dinastía Joseon. Fue viceprimer ministro durante la Dinastía Joseon entre 1675 a 1678; su apodo era Misu (미수, 眉叟) y Teryung-Noin (태령노인, 台領老人), Sukhojangin (석호장인, 石戶丈人).


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