art.wikisort.org - Artist

Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoi (Russian: Ива́н Никола́евич Крамско́й; June 8 (O.S. May 27), 1837, Ostrogozhsk – April 6 (O.S. March 24), 1887, Saint Petersburg) was a Russian painter and art critic. He was an intellectual leader of the art movement known as the Wanderers between 1860–1880.

This article needs additional citations for verification. (June 2021)

Ivan Kramskoi
Portrait of Kramskoi by Ilya Repin, 1882.
Born	Ivan Nikolayevich Kramskoi 27 May [O.S. June 8] 1837 Ostrogozhsk, Voronezh Governorate, Russian Empire
Died	6 April 1887(1887-04-06) (aged 49) St. Petersburg, Russian Empire
Education	Imperial Academy of Arts
Notable work	The Mermaids (1871) Christ in the Desert (1872) Portrait of an Unknown Woman (1883)
Movement	Realism, Peredvizhniki
Patron(s)	Pavel Tretyakov

Life

Kramskoi came from an impoverished petit-bourgeois family. From 1857 to 1863 he studied at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts; he reacted against academic art and was an initiator of the "Revolt of the Fourteen" which ended with the expulsion from the Academy of a group of its graduates, who organized the Artel of Artists ("Артель художников").

Influenced by the ideas of the Russian revolutionary democrats, Kramskoi asserted the high public duty of the artist, principles of realism, and the moral substance and nationality of art. He became one of the main founders and ideologists of the Company of Itinerant Art Exhibitions (or Peredvizhniki). In 1863–1868 he taught at the drawing school of a society for the promotion of applied arts. He created a gallery of portraits of important Russian writers, scientists, artists and public figures (Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, 1873, Ivan Shishkin, 1873, Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov, 1876, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, 1879, Sergei Botkin, 1880) in which expressive simplicity of composition and clarity of depiction emphasize profound psychological elements of character. Kramskoi's democratic ideals found their brightest expression in his portraits of peasants, which portrayed a wealth of character-details in representatives of the common people.

In one of Kramskoi's most well known paintings, Christ in the Desert (1872, Tretyakov gallery), he continued Alexander Ivanov's humanistic tradition by treating a religious subject in moral–philosophical terms. He imbued his image of Christ with dramatic experiences in a deeply psychological and vital interpretation, evoking the idea of his heroic self-sacrifice.

Aspiring to expand the ideological expressiveness of his images, Kramskoi created art that existed on the cusp of portraiture and genre-painting ("Nekrasov during the period of 'Last songs,'" 1877–78; "Unknown Woman," 1883; "Inconsolable grief," 1884; all in Tretyakov gallery). These paintings disclose their subjects' complex and sincere emotions, their personalities and fates. The orientation of Kramskoi's art, his acute critical judgments about it, and his persistent quest for objective public criteria for the evaluation of art exerted an essential influence on the development of realist art and aesthetics in Russia in the last third of the nineteenth century.

Kramskoi was considered an eccentric for giving his works to customers in expensive frames and not charging money for it.[1] He died from an aortic aneurism while working at his easel, aged only forty-nine.

Gallery

• 
  The Mermaids, 1871
• 
  Taras Shevchenko, 1871
• 
  Old man with a crutch, 1872
• 
  Christ in the Desert, 1872
• 
  Leo Tolstoy, 1873
• 
  Pavel Tretyakov, 1876
• 
  Ivan Shishkin, 1880
• 
  Maria Feodorovna, 1880s
• 
  Portrait of a woman reading, 1881
• 
  Mina Moiseyev, 1882
• 
  Portrait of an Unknown Woman, 1883
• 
  Vladimir Solovyov, 1885
• 
  Alexander III, 1886

References

External links

• Ivan Kramskoi's gallery and biography
• Ivan Kramskoi Gallery at MuseumSyndicate

На других языках

---

[de] Iwan Nikolajewitsch Kramskoi

Iwan Nikolajewitsch Kramskoi (russisch Иван Николаевич Крамской, wiss. Transliteration Ivan Nikolaevič Kramskoj; * 27. Maijul. / 8. Juni 1837greg. in Ostrogoschsk; † 24. Märzjul. / 5. April 1887greg. in Sankt Petersburg) war ein russischer Maler, Pädagoge und Kunstkritiker. Er war der intellektuelle Führer der Demokratischen Kunstbewegung Russlands von den 1860er bis 1880er Jahren.

---

- [en] Ivan Kramskoi

---

[es] Iván Kramskói

Iván Nikoláyevich Kramskói (Ostrogozhsk, Rusia, 27 de mayojul./ 8 de junio de 1837greg.-San Petersburgo, 24 de marzojul./ 5 de abril de 1887greg.) (Ruso: Ива́н Никола́евич Крамско́й) fue un pintor y crítico de arte ruso. Fue uno de los inspiradores y el líder inicial de la Sociedad de Exposiciones Artísticas Itinerantes.

---

[fr] Ivan Kramskoï

Ivan Nikolaïevitch Kramskoï (en russe : Иван Николаевич Крамской), né le 27 mai 1837 (8 juin 1837 dans le calendrier grégorien) à Ostrogojsk (actuelle oblast de Voronej) et mort le 24 mars 1887 (5 avril 1887 dans le calendrier grégorien) à Saint-Pétersbourg, est un peintre et critique d'art russe, ainsi qu'une très importante figure intellectuelle des années 1860-1880, chef de file du mouvement de l'art démocratique russe (les Ambulants).

---

[it] Ivan Nikolaevič Kramskoj

Ivan Nikolaevič Kramskoj (Ostrogožsk, 8 giugno 1837 – San Pietroburgo, 6 aprile 1887) è stato un pittore e critico d'arte russo, inoltre è stato il leader intellettuale dei Peredvižniki tra il 1860 e il 1880.

---

[ru] Крамской, Иван Николаевич

Ива́н Никола́евич Крамско́й (27 мая [8 июня] 1837, Острогожск — 24 марта [5 апреля] 1887, Санкт-Петербург) — русский живописец и рисовальщик, мастер жанровой, исторической и портретной живописи; художественный критик.

---

---