Francisco de Holanda (originally Francisco d'Olanda;^{[citation needed]} 6 September 1517 – 19 June 1585) was a Portuguese court painter and sculptor for King John III of Portugal, and later for Sebastian of Portugal. He wrote what is regarded as the first treatise on portrait painting in Europe, Do tirar polo natural (1549).[1] He is considered to be one of the most important figures of the Portuguese Renaissance, also being an essayist, architect and historian. He represented the intelligible reality of the Holy Trinity through a "hypothetical" syntax of geometrical figures.[2] He insisted on the contrast between the ideal plane, the incorporeal form and the "imperfect copy in the terrestrial zone". His visual language demonstrated a mixture of Neoplatonism, Christian Kabbalah and finally Lullism.[3] In education, Francisco de Holanda emphasized mathematics and geometry, subsequently anticipating Clavius's reforms of the late 16th century.[4] Sylvie Deswarte said that "Francisco de Holanda gives a privileged place to cosmography and astrology in the education of the painter. On par with geometry, mathematics and perspective, he recommended them… in order to reach the heavens in the hope of one day arriving to the Empyrean and realising celestial works."[5]

Francisco de Holanda
Self-portrait (ca. 1573), the artist presenting his book
Born	6 September 1517 Lisbon, Kingdom of Portugal
Died	19 June 1585(1585-06-19) (aged 67) Lisbon, Kingdom of Portugal
Nationality	Portuguese
Occupation	Architect, sculptor, painter, essayist and historian

Biography

Francisco de Holanda was born in Lisbon, Portugal on 6 September 1517, and began his career as an illuminator at the age of 20. His father, António de Holanda, was also a royal illuminator. Francisco studied in Italy between 1538 and 1547, where he frequented the circle of Vittoria Colonna, one of the notables of the Italian Renaissance. Colonna provided him with access to some of the greatest artists of the period such as Parmigianino, Giambologna, and most importantly, Michelangelo, who introduced him to Classicism.

At the age of 30, he returned to Portugal and obtained various commissions from the reigning King of Portugal, the Cardinal-Archbishop of Évora, and later from King John III (1521–57) and King Sebastian (1568–78). Francisco died in Lisbon, Portugal on June 19, 1585, at the age of 68.

Aesthetic values

Francisco de Holanda embraced the aesthetic values of the Renaissance. His paintings strongly expressed the desire to stimulate personal originality and provide a link between nature (the pure mirror of the Creator) and the ancients – immortal masters of greatness, symmetry, perfection and decorum. Most of these objectives can be seen in his three-part treatise on the nature of art, "On Ancient Painting" (Da Pintura Antiga), 1548. The second part of this treatise contains four dialogues, supposedly with Michelangelo.[6] Here, his passion for Classicism was brought to the fore, as he communicated the essence of the work of Michelangelo and of the contemporary artistic movement in Rome.

Francisco distinguished himself through his series of drawings at the command of the Portuguese king, João III. These drawings were devoted to the Antiquities of Italy and were sketched between 1540 and 1547,[7] through his studies on the revival of the archaeological heritage of Rome and on Italian art in the first half of the 16th century.

Francisco was the creator of the façade of the Church of Our Lady of Grace (Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Graça) in Évora. He also painted some portraits, not all of which survived.[8][9]

Francisco wrote the first essay on urbanism in the Iberian Peninsula, "On the construction lacking to the city of Lisbon" (Da fábrica que falece à cidade de Lisboa ) and also created the structures of De aetatibus mundi imagines and Antigualhas.

Francisco's works

Francisco de Holanda was the author of

• De aetatibus mundi imagines (1543–73)
• Da pintura antiga (Lisbon, 1548; in which he attributes the Saint Vincent Panels)
  • Part II: Diálogos de Roma
• Do tirar polo natural (1549)
• Da fábrica que falece à cidade de Lisboa (Lisbon, 1571)
• De quanto serve a ciência do desenho e entendimento da arte da pintura, na república christâ assim na paz como na guerra (Lisbon, 1571)
• Antigualhas de Roma

Notes

Bibliography

• Alves, José da Felicidade, Introdução ao estudo da obra de Francisco de Holanda (Lisbon, 1986)
• Deswarte, Sylvie, ed. As Imagens das Idades do Mundo de Francisco de Holanda. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional-Casa de Moeda, 1987.
• Deswarte-Rosa, Sylvie (2018), "Do Tirar Polo Natura (1549) de Francisco de Holanda", in Franco, Anísio (ed.), Tirar polo Natural. Inquérito ao retrato português [Inquiry to the Portuguese Portrait], Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga, p. 18, HAL Id: halshs-01993392.
• Castillo, David R.; Nelson, Bradley J. (2012). Spectacle and Topophilia: Reading Early Modern and Postmodern Hispanic Cultures. Vanderbilt University Press. ISBN 978-0-8265-1816-3. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
• Santos, Mariana Amélia Machado, Á Estética de Francisco de Holanda, I Congresso do Mundo Português (Lisbon, 1940)
• Segurado, Jorge, Francisco d'Ollanda (Lisbon, 1970)
• Sousa, Ronald W., "The View of the Artist in Francisco de Holanda's Dialogues: A Clash of Feudal Models," Luso-Brazilian Review 15 (1978), 43–58.
• Vilela, José Stichini, Francisco de Holanda, Vida, Pensamento e Obra (Lisbon, 1982).
• Works by Francisco de Holanda at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about Francisco de Holanda at Internet Archive

External links

• Digital facsimile of De Aetatibus Mundi Imagines (Biblioteca Nacional de España)

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[ru] Оланда, Франсиско де