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Jusepe de Ribera (Valencian: [josep ðe riˈβeɾa]; 17 February 1591 (bap.) – 2 September 1652) was a Spanish Tenebrist painter and printmaker, also known as José de Ribera and Josep de Ribera. He also was called Lo Spagnoletto ("the Little Spaniard") by his contemporaries and early writers.[1] Ribera was a leading painter of the Spanish school, although his mature work was all done in Italy.

This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (January 2018)

Early life

Ribera was born at Xàtiva, near Valencia, Spain, the second son of Simón Ribera and his first wife Margarita Cucó.[1][2][3] He was baptized on 17 February 1591.[2] His father was a shoemaker or cobbler, perhaps on a large scale.[2] His parents intended him for a literary or learned career, but he neglected these studies and is said to have apprenticed with the Spanish painter Francisco Ribalta in Valencia, although no proof of this connection exists.[2][4] Longing to study art in Italy, he made his way to Rome via Parma, where in 1611 he painted Saint Martin and the Beggar, now lost, for the church of San Prospero.[4] According to one source, a cardinal noticed him drawing from the frescoes on a Roman palace facade, and housed him. Roman artists gave him the nickname "Lo Spagnoletto."

His early biographers generally rank him among the followers of Caravaggio.[4] Very little documentation survives from his early years, and scholars are unsure of the precise time and route by which he came to Italy. Ribera started living in Rome no later than 1612, and is documented as having joined the Academy of Saint Luke by 1613.[4] He lived for a time in the Via Margutta, and almost certainly associated with other Caravaggisti who flocked to Rome at that time, such as Gerrit van Honthorst and Hendrick ter Brugghen, among other Utrecht painters active in Rome by 1615. In 1616, Ribera moved to Naples, in order to avoid his creditors (according to Giulio Mancini, who described him as living beyond his means despite a high income). In November, 1616, Ribera married Caterina Azzolino, the daughter of a Sicilian-born Neapolitan painter, Giovanni Bernardino Azzolino, whose connections in the Neapolitan art world helped to establish Ribera early on as a major figure whose presence was to have a lasting impact on the art of the city.[4]

Neapolitan period

The Kingdom of Naples was part of the Spanish Empire during Ribera's lifetime, and was ruled by a succession of Spanish Viceroys. Ribera moved to Naples permanently in the middle of 1616.[5] His Spanish nationality aligned him with the small Spanish governing class in the city, as well as with important collectors and art dealers from Spanish Flanders. At this point Ribera began to sign his work as "Jusepe de Ribera, español" ("Jusepe de Ribera, Spaniard"). He was able to quickly attract the attention of the Viceroy, Pedro Téllez-Girón, 3rd Duke of Osuna, another recent arrival, who gave him a number of major commissions, which showed the influence of Guido Reni.

Few paintings survive from 1620 to 1626, but this was the period in which most of his best prints were produced. These were at least partly an attempt to attract attention outside of Ribera's Neapolitan circles. His career picked up in the late 1620s, and he was accepted as the leading painter in Naples thereafter. He received the Order of Christ of Portugal from Pope Urban VIII in 1626.[4]

Although Ribera never returned to Spain,[4] many of his paintings were taken back by returning members of the Spanish governing class, such as the Duke of Osuna, and his etchings were brought to Spain by dealers. His influence can be seen in the works of Velázquez, Murillo, and most other Spanish painters of the period.

He has been characterized as selfishly protecting his prosperity, and is reputed to have been chief of the so-called Cabal of Naples, his abettors being a Greek painter, Belisario Corenzio and the Neapolitan Giambattista Caracciolo.

It is said this group aimed to monopolize Neapolitan art commissions, using intrigue, sabotage of work in progress, and even personal threats of violence to frighten away outside competitors such as Annibale Carracci, the Cavalier d'Arpino, Reni, and Domenichino. All of them were invited to work in Naples, but found the place inhospitable. The cabal disbanded at the time of Domenichino's death in 1641.

Ribera's pupils included Hendrick de Somer, Francesco Fracanzano, Luca Giordano, and Bartolomeo Passante. He was followed by Giuseppe Marullo and influenced the painters Agostino Beltrano, Paolo Domenico Finoglio, Giovanni Ricca, and Pietro Novelli.[7]

Later life

Around 1644, his daughter married a Spanish nobleman in the administration, who died soon after. From 1644, Ribera's ill health greatly reduced his ability to work, although his workshop continued to produce works under his direction. In 1647–1648, during the Masaniello uprising against Spanish rule, he and his family took refuge in the palace of the Viceroy. In 1651 he sold his home, and was in dire financial straits by the time of his death in September 1652.

Work

His early style was influenced by the study of the Spanish and Venetian masters as well as Caravaggio and Correggio. His subject matter was notoriously gruesome, portraying human cruelty and violence with startling naturalism.[8] In the early 1630s his style shifted from stark tenebrism to a more diffused lighting, as seen in The Clubfoot of 1642.

Salvator Rosa and Luca Giordano were his most distinguished followers, who may have been his pupils; others were also Giovanni Do, the Flemish painter Hendrick de Somer (known in Italy as 'Enrico Fiammingo'), Michelangelo Fracanzani, and Aniello Falcone, who was the first considerable painter of battle-pieces.

Ribera's principal works include Saint Januarius Emerging from the Furnace in the cathedral of Naples; the Descent from the Cross in the Certosa, Naples; the Adoration of the Shepherds (1650) in the Louvre; the Martyrdom of Saint Bartholomew in the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya, Barcelona; and the Pieta in the sacristy of San Martino, Naples. His mythologic subjects are often as violent as his martyrdoms, the most famous being his renditions of Apollo and Marsyas, now in Brussels and Naples, and his Tityos, now in the Prado. The Prado owns fifty-six paintings and another six attributed to Ribera, alongside eleven drawings, such as Jacob’s Dream (1639); the Louvre contain four of his paintings and seven drawings; the National Gallery, London owns three; and The Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando owns a nice ensemble of five paintings including The Assumption of Mary Magdalene from El Escorial, and an early Ecce Homo or The head of St John the Baptist. He executed several fine male portraits and a self-portrait. Saint Jerome Writing in the Prado now has been credited to him by Gianni Papi, a Caravaggio expert. He was an important etcher—indeed, the most significant Spanish printmaker before Goya—producing about forty prints, nearly all in the 1620s. The Martyrdom of Saint Philip (1639; often described as Saint Bartholomew due to overlapping iconography)[9] is in the Prado.

Legacy

Ribera's work remained in fashion after his death, largely through the adoption of his hyper-naturalistic depictions of violence in the paintings of pupils like Luca Giordano.[10] The gradual rehabilitation of his international reputation was aided by exhibitions in Princeton in 1973, of his prints and drawings, and of works in all media in London at the Royal Academy in 1982 and in New York at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1992. Since then his oeuvre has gained more attention from critics and scholars. Unfortunately, due to the ebb of interest in his work for so long, a complete catalogue raisonné of his work is still lacking. Many works attributed to him have been altered, discarded, damaged, and neglected during his period of obscurity.[10]

• Selected works
• 
  Ixion, 1632. Prado Museum, Madrid.[11]
• 
  The Assumption of Mary Magdalene,[12] 1636, Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, Madrid.
• 
  Saint Jerome, 1652. Prado Museum, Madrid.[13]
• 
  The denial of St Peter, c. 1615. Galleria nazionale d'arte antica di palazzo Corsini, Rome
• 
  Ecce Homo,[12] 1620. Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, Madrid.
• 
  The Holy Family, 1639. Museum of Santa Cruz, Toledo.
• 
  The Pietà,[14] 1633, Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, Madrid.
• 
  The Holy Family with Saints Anne and Catherine of Alexandria,[15] 1648, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.

Notes

External video
Ribera's Martyrdom of Saint Philip, Smarthistory

References

• Main source: Scholz-Hänsel, Michael. (2000). Jusepe de Ribera, 1591–1652. Cologne: Könemann. ISBN 3-8290-2872-5

Further reading

• Brown, Jonathan. (1973). Jusepe de Ribera: prints and drawings; [catalogue of an exhibition] The Art Museum, Princeton University, October–November 1973. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University. OCLC 781367 the standard work on his prints and drawings.
• Sánchez, Alfonso E. Pérez (1992). Jusepe de Ribera, 1591–1652. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9780870996474. [full text resource]
• Williamson, Mark A. "The Martyrdom Paintings of Jusepe de Ribera: Catharsis and Transformation"; PhD Dissertation, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 2000 (available online at myspace.com/markwilliamson13732) (link broken)

External links

• Media related to José de Ribera at Wikimedia Commons
• Scholarly articles in English about Jusepe de Ribera, lo Spagnoletto both in web and PDF @ the Spanish Old Masters Gallery
• 35 artworks by or after Jusepe de Ribera at the Art UK site
• The bearded woman, Work of the month – Ducal House of Medinaceli Foundation

На других языках

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[de] Jusepe de Ribera

Jusepe de Ribera (Taufname: Juan Jusepe de Ribera;[2] in spanisch auch: José de Ribera; * 12. Januar 1591 in Játiva, Provinz Valencia; † 2. September 1652 in Neapel) war ein aus Spanien stammender Maler, der im Neapel der Barockzeit tätig war. Wegen seiner Herkunft wurde er auch italienisch „lo Spagnoletto“ („der kleine Spanier“) genannt. Sein naturalistischer Stil beeinflusste die Entwicklung eines erneuerten Malstils in Neapel, dessen Vertreter wie Ribera und seine Schüler sowie Maler aus anderen Werkstätten der Stadt als Neapolitanische Schule zusammengefasst werden.

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- [en] Jusepe de Ribera

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[es] José de Ribera

José de Ribera (Játiva, España; bautizado el 17 de febrero de 1591-Nápoles, Italia; 3 de septiembre de 1652)[1][2] fue un pintor, dibujante y grabador español del siglo XVII, que desarrolló toda su carrera en Italia, inicialmente en Roma y posteriormente en Nápoles. Fue también conocido por su nombre italianizado Jusepe Ribera y por el apodo Lo Spagnoletto («El Españolito») debido a su baja estatura y a que reivindicaba sus orígenes, siendo común que firmara sus obras como español, valenciano y setabense,[3] o bien simplemente como español. En ocasiones lo hizo empleando la terminología latina «Josephus Ribera. Hispanus. Valentinus. Setaben. (o Civitatis Setabis)», a lo que en ocasiones añadió «accademicus Romanus», y sobre todo «Partenope», en alusión a su lugar de residencia.

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[fr] José de Ribera

José de Ribera, né le 12 janvier 1591 à Xàtiva et mort le 2 septembre 1652 (à 61 ans) à Naples, dit lo Spagnoletto (« l'Espagnolet ») en raison de sa petite taille ou Jusepe Ribera en italien[N 1], est un peintre et graveur espagnol de l'ère baroque. Il est l'un des représentants du ténébrisme et de l'école napolitaine.

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[it] Jusepe de Ribera

Jusepe de Ribera, conosciuto anche come José de Ribera, o col soprannome Spagnoletto (Xàtiva, 17 febbraio 1591 – Napoli, 2 settembre 1652), è stato un pittore spagnolo, attivo principalmente a Napoli e più in generale per la corte di Spagna[2].

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[ru] Рибера, Хосе де

Хосе или Хусепе де Рибе́ра (исп. José de Ribera) по прозвищу Спаньолетто (Lo Spagnoletto — «маленький испанец»; 17 февраля 1591 (1591-02-17), Хатива — 2 сентября 1652, Неаполь) — испанский караваджист эпохи барокко, живший и работавший в итальянском Неаполе. Помимо живописных работ, оставил большой объём графики. Наиболее значительный испанский гравёр, работавший до Гойи.

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