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In art history, "Old Master" (or "old master")[1][2] refers to any painter of skill who worked in Europe before about 1800, or a painting by such an artist. An "old master print" is an original print (for example an engraving or etching) made by an artist in the same period. The term "old master drawing" is used in the same way.

"Old Masters" redirects here. For other uses, see Old Masters (disambiguation).
Peter Paul Rubens is an Old Master of Flemish Baroque painting.
Peter Paul Rubens is an Old Master of Flemish Baroque painting.

In theory, "Old Master" applies only to artists who were fully trained, were Masters of their local artists' guild, and worked independently, but in practice, paintings produced by pupils or workshops are often included in the scope of the term. Therefore, beyond a certain level of competence, date rather than quality is the criterion for using the term.


Period covered


In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the term was often understood as having a starting date of perhaps 1450 or 1470; paintings made before that were "primitives", but this distinction is no longer made. The Oxford English Dictionary defines the term as "A pre-eminent artist of the period before the modern; esp. a pre-eminent western European painter of the 13th to 18th centuries." The first quotation given is from 1696, in the diary of John Evelyn: "My L: Pembroke..shewed me divers rare Pictures of very many of the old & best Masters, especially that of M: Angelo..,& a large booke of the best drawings of the old Masters."[3] The term is also used to refer to a painting or sculpture made by an Old Master, a usage datable to 1824.[3] There are comparable terms in Dutch, French, and German; the Dutch may have been the first to make use of such a term, in the 18th century, when oude meester mostly meant painters of the Dutch Golden Age of the previous century. Les Maitres d'autrefois of 1876 by Eugene Fromentin may have helped to popularize the concept, although "vieux maitres" is also used in French. The famous collection in Dresden at the Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister is one of the few museums to include the term in its actual name, although many more use it in the title of departments or sections. The collection in the Dresden museum essentially stops at the Baroque period.

The end date is necessarily vague – for example, Goya (1746–1828) is certainly an Old Master,[2] though he was still painting and printmaking at his death in 1828. The term might also be used for John Constable[2] (1776–1837) or Eugène Delacroix (1798–1868), but usually is not. Edward Lucie-Smith gives an end date of 1800, noting "formerly used of paintings earlier than 1700".[4]

The term tends to be avoided by art historians as too vague, especially when discussing paintings, although the terms "Old Master Prints" and "Old Master drawings" are still used. It remains current in the art trade. Auction houses still usually divide their sales between, for example, "Old Master Paintings", "Nineteenth-century paintings", and "Modern paintings". Christie's defined the term as ranging "from the 14th to the early 19th century".[5]


Anonymous artists


Artists, most often from early periods, whose hand has been identified by art historians, but to whom no identity can be confidently attached, are often given names by art historians such as Master E.S. (from his monogram), Master of Flémalle (from a previous location of a work), Master of Mary of Burgundy (from a patron), Master of Latin 757 (from the shelf mark of a manuscript he illuminated), Master of the Brunswick Diptych, or Master of Schloss Lichtenstein.


List of the most important Old Master painters


Rucellai Madonna by Duccio, circa 1285
Rucellai Madonna by Duccio, circa 1285

Gothic/Proto-Renaissance


Main article: Gothic art

Early Renaissance


Main article: Early Renaissance
Portrait of a young woman by Sandro Botticelli, 1480
Portrait of a young woman by Sandro Botticelli, 1480

High Renaissance


Main article: High Renaissance
Sistine Chapel ceiling, Ignudi, Michelangelo, 1509
Sistine Chapel ceiling, Ignudi, Michelangelo, 1509

Venetian School (Early Renaissance, High Renaissance and Mannerism)


Main article: Venetian painting

Sienese School


Main article: Sienese School

Northern Renaissance


Main article: Northern Renaissance
Kreuzigung Christi (English: Crucifixion of Christ) by Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1503
"Kreuzigung Christi" (English: "Crucifixion of Christ") by Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1503

Spanish Renaissance


Main article: Spanish Renaissance

Mannerism


Main article: Mannerism
Holy Family with St. Anne and the Infant St. John by Agnolo Bronzino, c. 1545
Holy Family with St. Anne and the Infant St. John by Agnolo Bronzino, c. 1545

Baroque painting


Main article: Baroque painting
Supper at Emmaus by Caravaggio, 1601
Supper at Emmaus by Caravaggio, 1601
Portrait of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham by Peter Paul Rubens, c. 1625
Portrait of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham by Peter Paul Rubens, c. 1625
Las Meninas by Diego Velázquez, 1656
Las Meninas by Diego Velázquez, 1656

Dutch Golden Age and Flemish Baroque painting


Main articles: Dutch Golden Age Painting and Flemish Baroque painting
The Concert by Gerard van Honthorst, 1623
The Concert by Gerard van Honthorst, 1623

Rococo


Main articles: Rococo and Italian Rococo art
Capitulations of Wedding and Rural Dance by Antoine Watteau, 1711
Capitulations of Wedding and Rural Dance by Antoine Watteau, 1711
An Experiment on a Bird in an Air Pump by Joseph Wright of Derby, 1768
An Experiment on a Bird in an Air Pump by Joseph Wright of Derby, 1768

British



Vedutism


Main articles: Veduta and Grand Tour

Neoclassicism


Main article: Neoclassicism

Romanticism


Main article: Romanticism
The Great Red Dragon and the Woman Clothed with the Sun by William Blake, circa 1805
The Great Red Dragon and the Woman Clothed with the Sun by William Blake, circa 1805

See also



References


  1. The term is spelled either way in the literature. Major UK and US dictionaries, incl. the Oxford Online Dictionaries, American Heritage Dictionary, Macmillan, Cambridge, and Random House dictionaries use lowercase; Oxford English Dictionary, Collins, and Merriam-Webster dictionaries also mention the uppercase spelling.
  2. Old Masters Department, Christies.com.
  3. "old master, n. and adj." OED Online. Oxford University Press, December 2016. Web.
  4. Lucie-Smith, Edward, The Thames & Hudson Dictionary of Art Terms, p. 152, 2003 (2nd edn), Thames & Hudson, World of Art series, ISBN 0500203652
  5. Now rewritten less succinctly to the same effect.



На других языках

- [en] Old Master

[es] Antiguo maestro

En historia del arte, el término «Antiguo Maestro» (Old Master)[1][2] se refiere a cualquier pintor experto que trabajó en Europa antes de 1800, o a una pintura de tal artista. Una «Antigua impresión maestra» es una impresión original (por ejemplo, tallada o con la técnica del aguafuerte) hecha por un artista en el mismo período. El término «Antiguo dibujo maestro» se usa de la misma manera.


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