This is an incomplete list of artists who have produced works on Orientalist subjects, drawn from the Islamic world or other parts of Asia.[1] Many artists listed on this page worked in many genres, and Orientalist subjects may not have formed a major part of their body of work. For example, the list includes some portrait painters based in Europe who on occasion painted sitters wearing "oriental" costume. The list also includes Orientalist photographers, engravers and lithographers. The list includes links to the English Wikipedia, and where no English article exists, named artists are linked to foreign language versions of Wikipedia, where available.
Note: This listing uses Spanish naming customs, for personalities from cultural areas where they prevail: the first family name is the paternal name and the second is the maternal family name. Artists are listed alphabetically by their paternal family name. For example, the Spanish artist, Joaquín Sorolla y Bastida, is listed under "S" for Sorolla, the paternal family name.
Société des Peintres Orientalistes Français (Society for French Orientalist Painters)
References
This is a composite listing compiled from multiple sources including: Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005; Juler, C., Les Orientalistes de l'Ecole Italienne, Edicion Internationale, Paris, ACR,1994; Thornton, L., The Orientalists: Painter Travellers, [Edition en langue anglaise], Paris, ACR, 1994; Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994; Meagher, J., "Orientalism in Nineteenth-Century Art," [The Metropolitan Museum of Art Essay], Online: http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/euoAckerr/hd_euor.htm; Orientalist Painting http://www.visual–arts–cork.com/history–of–art/orientalist–painting.htm; Pouillon, F., Dictionnaire des Orientalistes de Langue Française, KARTHALA, 2008; Hannavy, J.Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography, Routledge, 2013; Abykayeva-Tiesenhausen, A. and Hannavy, J. (eds), Central Asia in Art: From Soviet Orientalism to the New Republics, I.B.Tauris, 2016 and Atroschenko, O., Bulatov, V., Kouteinikova, I., Solovyeva, K. and Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, D., Russia's Unknown Orient: Orientalist Painting 1850–1920, Nai010 Publishers, 2010; Anglés, E.A., "La Visión de Marruecos a Través de la Pintura Orientalista Española, in: Imágenes Coloniales de Marruecos en España, 2007, pp 37–41 <Online:https://journals.openedition.org/mcv/2821> (translated from Spanish); Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997 (translated from French); Haja,M., Between Dream and Reality: Austrian Orientalist Painters in the Nineteenth Century, Salzburg, E. Mayer-Oehring, 1997; The Greek Painters from the 19th Century to the 20th Century, Volume One, Melissa, 1974. Reference has also been made to Wikipedia articles for Orientalist artists for whom notability has been established.
Vidal-Bué, M.(ed.), L'Algérie des peintres: 1830–1960, Paris-Méditerranée, 2002, p. 103
Dean, S., European paintings of the 19th and early 20th centuries in the National Gallery of Victoria, National Gallery of Victoria, 1995, p. 17
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 272 (translated from French)
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, pp 18–19
Anglés, E.A., "La Visión de Marruecos a Través de la Pintura Orientalista Española, in: Imágenes Coloniales de Marruecos en España, 2007, pp 37–41 Online: (translated from Spanish)
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 272
Thorton, L. (ed.), Orientalists: Painter-travellers, ACR edition, 1994, p. 69
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 272
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 273
Thorton, L. (ed.), Orientalists: Painter-travellers, ACR edition, 1994, p. 19
Germaner, S. and İnankur, Z., Orientalism and Turkey, Turkish Cultural Service Foundation, 1989, p.41
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 26
Anglés, E.A., "La Visión de Marruecos a Través de la Pintura Orientalista Española, in: Imágenes Coloniales de Marruecos en España, 2007, pp 37–41 Online: (translated from Spanish)
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 273
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 273
Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, p. 26, 52, 70, 100–119
Holloway, S.W., Orientalism, Assyriology and the Bible, Sheffield Phoenix Press, 2006, p.xi
Germaner, S. and İnankur, Z., Orientalism and Turkey, Turkish Cultural Service Foundation, 1989, p.41
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 27
Anglés, E.A., "La Visión de Marruecos a Través de la Pintura Orientalista Española, in: Imágenes Coloniales de Marruecos en España, 2007, pp 37–41 Online: (translated from Spanish)
Thornton, L., The Orientalists: Painter Travellers, [Edition en langue anglaise], Paris, ACR, 1994, p. 19
Thornton, L., The Orientalists: Painter Travellers, [Edition en langue anglaise], Paris, ACR, 1994, pp 29–30
Anglés, E.A., "La Visión de Marruecos a Través de la Pintura Orientalista Española, in: Imágenes Coloniales de Marruecos en España, 2007, pp 37–41 Online: (translated from Spanish)
Orientalists: postcards of the Holy Land, 1800–1935: from the collection of Yoel Amer, 2008, p. 110
Anglés, E.A., "La Visión de Marruecos a Través de la Pintura Orientalista Española, in: Imágenes Coloniales de Marruecos en España, 2007, pp 37–41 Online: (translated from Spanish)
Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 16–19
Oakes, J., Algeria, Bradt Travel Guides, 2008, p. 120
Thornton, L., The Orientalists: Painter Travellers, [Edition en langue anglaise], Paris, ACR, 1994, p. 32
Ketner, J.D., A Gallery of Modern Art: At Washington University in St. Louis, Washington University, 1994, p. 32
Phaidon, P.J., The Orientalists: European Painters of Eastern Scenes, 1977, p 7 and 54
Atroschenko, O., Bulatov, V., Kouteinikova, I., Solovyeva, K. and Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, D., Russia's Unknown Orient: Orientalist Painting 1850–1920, Nai010 Publishers, 2010
Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, pp 204–209
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 274
Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, pp 260–61
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, pp 54–55 (translated from French)
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 274 (translated from French)
Thornton, L., Women as Portrayed in Orientalist Painting, ACR edition, 1994, p. 42
Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 50–51
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, pp 58–61 (translated from French)
Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 52–61
Netton, I.R., Orientalism Revisited: Art, Land and Voyage, Routledge, 2013, p. 123
Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, p. 49 and 86; Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 66–68
Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 69–71
Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, pp 128–129
Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. p. 273
Germaner, S. and İnankur, Z., Orientalism and Turkey, Turkish Cultural Service Foundation, 1989, p.41
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 275 (translated from French)
Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 72–73
Thornton, L., Women as Portrayed in Orientalist Painting, ACR edition, 1994, p. 141
Holloway, S.W., Orientalism, Assyriology and the Bible, Sheffield Phoenix Press, 2006, p.xi
Hannavy, J.Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography, Routledge, 2013, pp 408–09
Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, pp 238–39; Netton, I.R., Orientalism Revisited: Art, Land and Voyage, Routledge, 2013, p. 123
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 275
Thornton, L., The Orientalists: Painter Travellers, [Edition en langue anglaise], Paris, ACR, 1994, p. 74
Mayr-Oehring, E. and Haja, M., Orient: Austrian painting between 1848 and 1914, Residenzgalerie Salzburg, Die Galerie, 1997,p. 308
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, pp 166–167
Germaner, S. and İnankur, Z., Orientalism and Turkey, Turkish Cultural Service Foundation, 1989, p. 111
Thornton, L., Women as Portrayed in Orientalist Painting, ACR edition, 1994, p. 140
Hannavy, J.Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography, Routledge, 2013, pp 441–442; Behdad, A. and Gartlan, L., Photography's Orientalism: New Essays on Colonial Representation. Getty Publications, 2017, p. 14
Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. p. 274
Thornton, L., Women as Portrayed in Orientalist Painting, ACR edition, 1994, p. 142
Thornton, L., Women as Portrayed in Orientalist Painting, ACR edition, 1994, p. 180
Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, p. 26
Anglés, E.A., "La Visión de Marruecos a Través de la Pintura Orientalista Española, in: Imágenes Coloniales de Marruecos en España, 2007, pp 37–41 Online: (translated from Spanish)
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 82
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 275 (translated from French)
Benjamin, R., Orientalist Aesthetics: Art, Colonialism, and French North Africa, 1880–1930, University of California Press, 2003, p. 113
Brooks, S.R., The Photography of Lalla Essaydi: Critiquing and Contextualizing Orientalism, James Madison University, 2014
Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, pp 141–42
Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, pp 232–233
Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, p. 53
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, pp 96–97
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 275
Hannavy, J.Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography, Routledge, 2013, pp 524–28
Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, p, 76, 84, 96
Davies, K., The Orientalists: Western artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia & India, Laynfaroh, 2005
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 275
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 282 (translated from French)
Hannavy, J.Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography, Routledge, 2013, p. 554
Hannavy, J.Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography, Routledge, 2013, pp 560–61
Williams, C., "The Visual Image of Nineteenth Century Cairo," in Abdullah, T., Serag, M., Jones, M. Sakkūt, H. and O'Kane, B. (eds), Arab and Islamic Studies, American University in Cairo Press, 1997, pp 48–50
Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, p.80
Anglés, E.A., "La Visión de Marruecos a Través de la Pintura Orientalista Española, in: Imágenes Coloniales de Marruecos en España, 2007, pp 37–41 Online: (translated from Spanish)
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 116 (translated from French)
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 276
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 117 (translated from French)
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 116
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 118 (translated from French)
Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, p. 69, 71
Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, pp 222–229; 253–54; 275–77 and 286–89
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 120
Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 90–93
Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 84–89
Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, pp 282–283
Behdad, A., Camera Orientalis: Reflections on Photography of the Middle East, University of Chicago Press, 2016, p. 2
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 119
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 122
Fabrés y su tiempo, 1854–1938 INBA, Museo de San Carlos, 1994, p. 52
Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 94–101
Hannavy, J.Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography, Routledge, 2013, p. 549 and 561
Hannavy, J.Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography, Routledge, 2013, pp 601–603
Shackelford, G.T.M., American Painters in the Age of Impressionism, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, 1994, p. 24
Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR edition, 1994, pp 108–111
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, pp 128–132
The Charles and Emma Frye Art Museum: a handbook of the collection, Charles and Emma Frye Art Museum, 1989, p. 28
Mayr-Oehring, E. and Haja, M., Orient: Austrian painting between 1848 and 1914, Residenzgalerie Salzburg, Die Galerie, 1997,p. 291
Kuteinikova, I., "Russia’s Artistic Orientalist History," International Panorama, vol. 29, no.4, 2010, Online:
Anglés, E.A., "La Visión de Marruecos a Través de la Pintura Orientalista Española, in: Imágenes Coloniales de Marruecos en España, 2007, pp 37–41 Online: (translated from Spanish)
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 132
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 133–35
Hannavy, J.Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography, Routledge, 2013, p. 15
Abykayeva-Tiesenhausen, A., Central Asia in Art: From Soviet Orientalism to the New Republics, I.B.Tauris, 2016, p.40
Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 112–119
Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, pp 87–89
Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, p. 47
Thornton, L., The Orientalists: Painter-travellers, 1828–1908, Volume 1, ACR Édition, 1983, p. 242
Anglés, E.A., "La Visión de Marruecos a Través de la Pintura Orientalista Española, in: Imágenes Coloniales de Marruecos en España, 2007, pp 37–41 Online: (translated from Spanish)
Atroschenko, O., Bulatov, V., Kouteinikova, I., Solovyeva, K. and Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, D., Russia's Unknown Orient: Orientalist Painting 1850–1920, Nai010 Publishers, 2010
Thornton, L., The Orientalists: Painter Travellers, [Edition en langue anglaise], Paris, ACR, 1994, p. 118
Benjamin, R., Orientalist Aesthetics: Art, Colonialism, and French North Africa: 1880–1930, University of California Press, 2003, p. 60
"John Frederick Lewis," [Biography], Tate Gallery, Online:
Roberts, M., Intimate Outsiders: The Harem in Ottoman and Orientalist Art and Travel, Duke University Press, 2007, pp 19–21
Yeazell, R.B., Harems of the Mind: Passages of Western Art and Literature, Yale University Press, 2000, Chapter 20
Starkey, P. and Starkey, J. (eds), Travellers in Egypt, I.B.Tauris, 2001, pp 148–50
Beaulieu, J. and Roberts, M., Orientalism’s Interlocutors: Painting, Architecture, Photography, Duke University Press, 2002, p. 179–80
Williams, C., "The Visual Image of Nineteenth Century Cairo," in Abdullah, T., Serag, M., Jones, M. Sakkūt, H. and O'Kane, B. (eds), Arab and Islamic Studies, American University in Cairo Press, 1997, pp 46–50
Mayr-Oehring, E. and Haja, M., Orient: Austrian painting between 1848 and 1914, Residenzgalerie Salzburg, Die Galerie, 1997,p. 367
Anglés, E.A., "La Visión de Marruecos a Través de la Pintura Orientalista Española, in: Imágenes Coloniales de Marruecos en España, 2007, pp 37–41 Online: (translated from Spanish)
Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 120–122
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 162
Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, p. 24
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 165
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, pp 163–64
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 168
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, pp 176–77
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 278
Netton, I.R., Orientalism Revisited: Art, Land and Voyage, Routledge, 2013, p. 123
Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 123–25
Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 126–129
Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 130–134
Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 135–139
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, pp 182–187
Germaner, S. and İnankur, Z., Orientalism and Turkey, Turkish Cultural Service Foundation, 1989, p.41
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 278
Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 14–43
Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, pp 237–238; Netton, I.R., Orientalism Revisited: Art, Land and Voyage, Routledge, 2013, p. 123
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 278
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, pp 188–193
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 194
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 278
Anglés, E.A., "La Visión de Marruecos a Través de la Pintura Orientalista Española, in: Imágenes Coloniales de Marruecos en España, 2007, pp 37–41 Online: (translated from Spanish)
Hannavy, J.Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography, Routledge, 2013, pp 990–91
Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 144–47
Atroschenko, O., Bulatov, V., Kouteinikova, I., Solovyeva, K. and Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, D., Russia's Unknown Orient: Orientalist Painting 1850–1920, Nai010 Publishers, 2010
Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 150–55
Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005
Thornton, L., Women as Portrayed in Orientalist Painting, ACR edition, 1994, p. 147
Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 156–57
Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, p 105 and 243
Thornton, L., The Orientalists: Painter Travellers, [Edition en langue anglaise], Paris, ACR, 1994, p. 146
Thornton, L., The Orientalists: Painter Travellers, [Edition en langue anglaise], Paris, ACR, 1994, p. 146
Thornton, L., Women as Portrayed in Orientalist Painting, ACR edition, 1994, p. 155
Green, A., French Paintings of Childhood and Adolescence, 1848–1886, Routledge, 2017 [E-book edition], n.p.
Thornton, L., Women as Portrayed in Orientalist Painting, ACR edition, 1994, p. 44
Editors Hélène S. Sader, Thomas Scheffler, Angelika Neuwirth, Baalbek: Image and Monument, 1898–1998, Beiruter Texte und Studien vol. 69, In Kommission bei Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, 1998, p. 210
Germaner, S. and İnankur, Z., Orientalism and Turkey, Turkish Cultural Service Foundation, 1989, p.57
Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 162–167
Williams, C., "The Visual Image of Nineteenth Century Cairo," in Abdullah, T., Serag, M., Jones, M. Sakkūt, H. and O'Kane, B. (eds), Arab and Islamic Studies, American University in Cairo Press, 1997, pp 42–46
Thornton, L., The Orientalists: Painter-travellers, 1828–1908, Volume 1, ACR Édition, 1983, p. 154
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 272 (translated from French)
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 212–14 (translated from French)
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, pp 218–219 (translated from French)
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 220–221; Shubert, A. and Junco, J.A., The History of Modern Spain: Chronologies, Themes, Individuals, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017, p. 233
Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, p. 48
Le Pichon, Y., The World of Henri Rousseau, Viking Press, 1982
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, pp 222–224
Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 170–174
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, pp 226–227
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 282 (translated from French)
Anglés, E.A., "La Visión de Marruecos a Través de la Pintura Orientalista Española, in: Imágenes Coloniales de Marruecos en España, 2007, pp 37–41 Online: (translated from Spanish)
Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 184–191
Hannavy, J.Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography, Routledge, 2013, p. 1244
Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 192–193
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 229–231 (translated from French)
"Thomas Frederick Mason Sheard," [Biography], Heritage Auctions, Online:
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 282 (translated from French)
Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, p. 98; Netton, I.R., Orientalism Revisited: Art, Land and Voyage, Routledge, 2013, p. 121
Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 202–03
Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 206–07
Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 208–15
Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, pp 290–297
Boime, A., Art in an Age of Civil Struggle, 1848–1871, University of Chicago Press, 2008, p. 604
Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, p. 298
Thornton, L., Women as Portrayed in Orientalist Painting, ACR edition, 1994, p. 186
Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 216–223
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, pp 248–249 (translated from French)
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, pp 250–251 (translated from French)
Germaner, S. and İnankur, Z., Orientalism and Turkey, Turkish Cultural Service Foundation, 1989, p.182
Burford, T., Chile: The Bradt Travel Guide, Bradt, 2005, p. 44
Germaner, S. and İnankur, Z., Orientalism and Turkey, Turkish Cultural Service Foundation, 1989, p.85
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 284 (translated from French)
Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 224–29
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 284 (translated from French)
Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, pp 143–167
Netton, I.R., Orientalism Revisited: Art, Land and Voyage, Routledge, 2013, p. 122
Claude Aguttes, Tableaux russes, tableaux des XIXe, XXe siècles, orientalists, tableaux impressionnistes et modernes, tableaux contemporains, Aguttes, 2006, p. 31
Johnston, W.R., The Nineteenth Century Paintings in the Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore, Trustees of the Walters Art Gallery, 1982, p. 79
Pouillion, F. and Vatin, J-C., After Orientalism: Critical Perspectives on Western Agency and Eastern Re-appropriations, BRILL, 2014, p 228
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, pp 253–56 (translated from French)
The Prado Museum,Museo del Prado, Fonds Mercator, 1996, p. 609
Caso, E.D., Les Orientalistes de l'école Espagnole, ACR edition, 1997, p. 284 (translated from French)
Thompson, J. and Scott, D.H.T., The East: Imagined, Experience, Remembered: Orientalist Nineteenth Century Painting, National Gallery of Ireland, 198, p. 68
New York Times Book Review and Magazine, [Compilation of reviews], The Times, 1968, p. 5
Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 230–31
Netton, I.R., Orientalism Revisited: Art, Land and Voyage, Routledge, 2013, p. 122; Thornton, L., The Orientalists: Painter-travellers, 1828–1908, Volume 1, ACR Édition, 1983, p. 136
Davies, K., Orientalists: Western Artists in Arabia, the Sahara, Persia and India, New York, Laynfaroh, 2005, pp 280–81; 184–85
Netton, I.R., Orientalism Revisited: Art, Land and Voyage, Routledge, 2013, p. 122
Netton, I.R., Orientalism Revisited: Art, Land and Voyage, Routledge, 2013, p. 122; Thornton, L., The Orientalists: Painter-travellers, 1828–1908, Volume 1, ACR Édition, 1983, p. 220; Husslein-Arco, A. and Grabner, S., Orient & Occident: Travelling 19th Century Austrian Painters, Belvedere, 2012, p. 43
Roberts, M., Istanbul Exchanges: Ottomans, Orientalists, and Nineteenth-Century Visual Culture, University of California Press, 2015, p. 132
Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. p. 283
Germaner, S. and İnankur, Z., Orientalism and Turkey, Turkish Cultural Service Foundation, 1989, p.85
Ackerman, G.M., American Orientalists, ACR, 1994. pp 266–69
Further reading
R. Aldrich, Vestiges of Colonial Empire in France, Springer, 2004, especially pp 206–217
Roger Benjamin, Orientalist Aesthetics: Art, Colonialism, and French North Africa: 1880–1930, University of California Press, 2003
Bloom, J.M. and Blair, S. (eds), Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture, Volumes 1–3, Oxford University Press, 2009
Haideh Moghissi (ed.), Women and Islam: Images and Realities, Volume 1, Taylor and Francis, 2005
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