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The Four Continents, also known as The Four Rivers of Paradise, is a painting by Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens, made in the 1610s. It depicts the female personifications of what, at the time, were believed to be four continents (Europe, Asia, Africa and America) sitting with the personifications of their respective major rivers – the Danube, the Ganges, the Nile and the Río de la Plata.[1] Europe is shown on the left, Africa in the middle, Asia on the right and America behind it, to the left. The tigress, protecting the cubs from the crocodile, is used as a symbol of Asia.[2] The personification of the Danube holds a rudder. The bottom part of the painting shows several putti. Painted during a period of truce between the Dutch Republic and Spain, the river allegories and their female companions in a lush, bountiful setting reflect the conditions that Rubens hoped would return to Antwerp after military hostilities.[2]

The Four Continents
ArtistPeter Paul Rubens
Year1612–1614 or 1615
MediumOil on canvas
Dimensions209 cm × 284 cm (82 in × 112 in)
LocationKunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

The art historian Elizabeth McGrath proposed a different interpretation of the female figures on the painting, believing them to be water nymphs representing the sources of the rivers instead.[3][4] McGrath also suggested corresponding river names, the Tigris instead of the Danube and the Euphrates instead of the Río de la Plata, arguing that those names also appear as the rivers of Paradise in Christian exegesis.[4]


References


  1. "Peter Paul Rubens. The Baroque artist and Diplomat". Italian Renaissance Art.com. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
  2. Lisa Rosenthal (2005). Gender, Politics, and Allegory in the Art of Rubens. Cambridge University Press. p. 41. ISBN 0521842441.
  3. Elizabeth McGrath, “River-Gods, Sources and the Mystery of the Nile: Rubens’s Four Rivers in Vienna,” in Die Malerei Antwerpens. Gattungen, Meister, Wirkungen. Internationales Kolloquium, Wien, 1993, ed. Ekkehard Mai, Karl Schütz, and Hans Vlieghe (Cologne, 1994), 72–82.
  4. Gender, Politics, and Allegory in the Art of Rubens, p. 250



На других языках

- [en] The Four Continents

[es] Los cuatro Continentes

Los cuatro continentes[1] (en alemán: Die vier Flüsse des Paradieses, "Los cuatro ríos del Paraíso") es una pintura alegórica realizada en 1615 por el pintor Pedro Pablo Rubens.[2] La obra se conserva en el Kunsthistorisches Museum de Viena.[2]

[fr] Les Quatre Continents

Les Quatre Continents, connue également comme Les Quatre Fleuves du Paradis, est une peinture à l'huile de l'artiste flamand Pierre Paul Rubens, datant des années 1610. Il peint les personnifications féminines de quatre continents (Europe, Asie, Afrique et Amérique) assises avec les personnifications de leurs grands fleuves, le Danube, le Gange, le Nil et le Río de la Plata[1]. Il est exposé au Kunsthistorisches Museum de Vienne.

[it] I quattro continenti

I quattro continenti[1] (in tedesco: Die vier Flüsse des Paradieses, "I quattro fiumi del Paradiso")[2] è un dipinto realizzato nel 1615 dal pittore Pieter Paul Rubens. L'opera è conservata al Kunsthistorisches Museum di Vienna.[2]

[ru] Четыре части света (Рубенс)

Четыре континента, также известная как Четыре реки Рая — картина фламандского художника Питера Пауля Рубенса, созданная в 1610-х годах.


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